《哲学史-philosophy of history(英文版)》philosophy of history(英文版)-第2章

§　44　The　patriarchal　condition　is　one　of　transition；　its　unity　not　advancing　beyond　the　merely
natural。　
§　45　No　law　can　be　valid　without　the　approval　of　all。　
§　46　The　State　is　an　abstraction；　but　it　is　an　actuality；　and　must　embody　itself　in　individual　will。　
§　47　The　necessity　of　a　particular　constitution　is　made　to　depend　on　the　condition　of　the　people
as　if　it　were　accidental。　
§　48　The　State　is　the　embodiment　of　rational　freedom；　realising　itself　in　an　objective　form。　
§　49　The　State　is　the　Idea　of　Spirit　in　the　external　manifestation　of　human　Will　and　its　Freedom。　
§　50　We　observe　a　union　between　the　objective　…　the　Idea；　…　and　the　subjective…　the　personality
that　conceives　and　wills　it。　
§　51　The　definite　substance　that　exists　in　the　State；　is　the　Spirit　of　the　People　itself。　
§　52　Freedom　can　exist　only　where　Individuality　is　recognised　as　having　its　real　existence　in　the
Divine　Being。　
§　53　While　the　State　is　based　on　Religion；　Religion　supposes　the　State　already　to　exist。　
§　54　Religion　is　by　no　means　a　thing　to　be　so　produced；　its　self…production　lies　much　deeper。　
§　55　An　opposite　folly　is　that　of　pretending　to　invent　and　carry　out　political　constitutions
independently　of　religion。　
§　56　The　State　constitutes　the　rights　of　its　members；　its　natural　features　are　their　country；　their
outward　material　property。　
§　57　This　matured　totality　constitutes　the　spirit　of　one　People。　Each　individual　is　the　Son　of　his
Nation；　the　Son　of　his　Age。　
§　58　Each　particular　National　genius　is　only　One　Individual　in　the　process　of　Universal　History。　
§　59　Nothing　further　remains　for　this　introductory　section　to　contemplate　but　。。。。　
III　The　Course　of　World　History　
§　60　History　is　an　advance　to　something　better；　but　Nature　exhibits　only　a　perpetually
self…repeating　cycle。　
§　61　The　principle　of　Development　finds　actual　existence　in　Spirit；　which　has　the　History　of　the
World　for　its　theatre。　
§　62　The　Spirit"s　expansion　is　not　the　harmless　tranquillity　of　mere　growth；　but　a　stern　reluctant
working　against　itself。　
§　63　The　analysis　of　the　successive　grades；　in　their　abstract　form；　belongs　to　Logic；　in　their
concrete　aspect　to　the　Philosophy　of　Spirit。　
§　64　Possibility　points　to　something　destined　to　bee　actual。　
§　65　The　investigation　of　the　history　of　ancient　peoples；　to　trace　their　annals　up　to　the　point　where
fragments　of　primary　revelation　are　to　be　met　with。　
§　66　We　have　to　thank　this　interest　for　many　valuable　discoveries　in　Oriental　literature。　
§　67　An　advanced　condition　of　science；　and　the　assertion　that　such　a　condition　occurred　at　the
very　beginning　of　History。　
§　68　The　only　method　philosophical　investigation　can　adopt；　is　to　take　up　History　where
Rationality　begins　to　manifest　itself　in　the　World"s　affairs。　
§　69　The　period　before　history　was　written　are　destitute　of　objective　history；　because　they
present　no　subjective　history。　
§　70　The　progress　of　Nations　assumes　importance　for　concrete　Reason；　only　when　they　have
e　in　contact　with　States；　or　begin　to　form　constitutions。　
§　71　We　now　have　to　state　the　direction　of　its　course：　though　here　only　formally。　
§　72　The　logical；　and　dialectical　nature　of　the　Idea；　viz。　that　it　is　self…determined　—　that　it
assumes　successive　forms　which　it　successively　transcends；　and　by　this　very　process　gains　a　richer
and　more　concrete　shape。　
§　73　A　doubt　has　been　suggested　whether　in　the　progress　of　history　and　of　general　culture；
mankind　have　bee　better。　
§　74　The　History　of　the　World　occupies　a　higher　ground　than　that　on　which　morality　has　properly
its　position。　
§　75　The　condition　of　Philosophy"s　existence　is　the　taking　up　of　the　object　of　thought；　and　at　the
same　time　clothing　it　with　the　form　of　universality。　
§　76　Language　attains　on　its　own　particular　ground　a　high　intellectual　development；　prior　to　the
mencement　of　civilisation。　
§　77　Philosophy　also　must　make　its　appearance　where　political　life　exists。　
§　78　Among　all　world…historical　peoples；　art；　science；　even　philosophy　show　not　only　diversity　in
style；　but　still　more　remarkably　in　subject…matter。　
§　79　Those　spheres　of　intelligence　which　lie　beyond　the　limits　of　this　consciousness　are　a　mon
ground。　
§　80　It　is　the　concrete　spirit　of　a　people　which　we　have　to　recognise；　and　it　can　only　be
prehended　spiritually。　
§　81　History　is　the　development　of　Spirit　in　Time；　as　Nature　is　the　development　of　the　Idea　in
Space。　
§　82　With　a　vast　expenditure　of　power　a　trivial　result　is　produced；　while　from　what　appears
unimportant；　a　tremendous　issue　proceeds。　
§　83　What　traveller　among　the　ruins　of　Carthage　or　Rome　has　not　reflected　on　the　transience　of
kingdoms　and　men。　
§　84　Spirit　manipulates　itself；　multiplying　the　material　for　future　endeavours　and　gratifying　its
desires　in　a　variety　which　is　inexhaustible。　
§　85　The　very　essence　of　Spirit　is　activity；　it　realises　its　potentiality　and　bees　an　object　to
itself；　contemplates　itself　as　an　objective　existence。　
§　86　The　Spirit　of　a　people　exists　as　a　genus；　and　consequently　carries　within　it　its　own　negation。　
§　87　It　is　not　of　the　nature　of　the　all…pervading　Spirit　to　die　this　merely　natural　death。　
§　88　The　highest　point　in　the　development　of　a　people　is　this：　to　have　reduced　its　laws；　its　ideas　of
justice　and　morality　to　a　science。　
§　89　We　have　then　before　us　a　real　and　an　ideal　existence　of　the　Spirit　of　the　Nation。　
§　90　We　are　sure　to　see　a　people　putting　talk　about　virtue　partly　side　by　side　with　actual　virtue。　
§　91　At　the　same　time　the　isolation　of　individuals　from　each　other　and　from　the　Whole　makes　its
appearance。　
§　92　Zeus　and　his　race　are　themselves　swallowed　up　by　the　very　power　that　produced　them　—
the　principle　of　thought。　
§　93　Time　is　the　negative　element　in　the　sensuous　world。　Thought　is　the　same　negativity。　
§　94　Thought　is　that　Universal　…　that　Species　which　is　immortal。　
§　95　Spirit；　in　rendering　itself　objective　and　making　this　an　object　of　thought；　destroys　the
determinate　form　of　its　being；　but　gains　a　prehension　of　its　universal　element。　
§　96　The　individual　traverses　as　a　unity　various　grades　of　development；　and　remains　t