《哲学史-philosophy of history(英文版)》philosophy of history(英文版)-第1章
╭━书香━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╮ ☆ 更多免费txt好书 敬请登录。 … 手机访问 m。 ☆ ┊ ┊ ☆ ╭╮╭╮╭╮╭╮ ╭╭╮╮ ☆ ┊ ⌒ / ∨ / ╲╳╱本书由 ¤╭⌒╮ ╭⌒╮欢迎光临 ╱◥██◣ ╭╭ ⌒ ︱田︱田田| ╰…… ╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬版 权 归 原 作 者 电子书 ┊ ☆ (●﹏●)(≥﹏≤) (不夜火)为你整理制作 ☆ ┊ ┊ ┊ 。 … 手机访问 m。 ┊ ☆ ¤╭⌒╮ ╭⌒╮欢迎光临 ╱◥██◣ ╭╭ ⌒ ︱田︱田田| ╰…… ╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬版 权 归 原 作 者 电子书欢迎您的来临 ☆ ╰━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━门第━━╯ Philosophy of History by Hegel Table of Contents Introduction O The subject of this course of Lectures is the Philosophical History of the World。 SECTION ONE: Original History § 1 They simply transferred what was passing in the world around them; to the realm of representative intellect。 § 2 The influences that have formed the writer are identical with those which have moulded the events that constitute the matter of his story。 § 3 What the historian puts into the mouths of orators is an uncorrupted transcript of their intellectual and moral habitudes。 § 4 Among the ancients; these annalists were necessarily great captains and statesmen。 SECTION TWO: Reflective History § 5 Reflective history"s mode of representation is not really confined by the limits of the time to which it relates。 ___1 Universal History § 6 It is the aim of Universal History to gain a view of the entire history of a people or a country。 § 7 History must foreshorten its pictures by abstractions。 ___2 Pragmatical History § 8 Pragmatical History takes the occurrence out of the category of the Past and makes it virtually Present。 ___3 Critical History § 9 In Critical History; it is not history itself that is presented; but a History of History。 § 10 Critical History adopts an abstract position; yet forms a transition to the Philosophical History。 SECTION THREE: Philosophic History § 11 Philosophy of History means nothing but the thoughtful consideration of it。 § 12 Reason is the Sovereign of the World; history therefore; presents us with a rational process。 § 13 The World of intelligence and conscious volition is not abandoned to chance; but must show itself in the light of the self…cognisant Idea。 § 14 Two points of view that concern the generally diffused conviction that Reason rules in the world。 I: Reason Governs World § 15 Anaxagoras was the first to enunciate the doctrine that Reason governs the world。 § 16 That Nature is unchangeably subordinate to universal laws; appears nowise strange to us。 § 17 Religious holds that the world is not abandoned to chance; but that a Providence controls it。 II The Essential Destiny of Reason § 18 The question; what is the ultimate design of the World? § 19 Spirit is our substantial object。 Our task does not require us to contemplate Nature as a Rational System in itself。 § 20 The three parts of the Destiny of Reason。 ___(1) The Abstract Characteristics of the Nature of Spirit § 21 As the essence of Matter is Gravity; so; on the other hand; the essence of Spirit is Freedom。 § 22 Eastern nations knew that one is free; the Greeks and Romans that some are free; whilst we know that all men are free。 § 23 The final cause of the World; we allege to be Spirit"s consciousness of its own freedom。 ___(2) The Means Spirit Uses to Realise Its Idea § 24 The first glance at History convinces us that the actions of men proceed from their needs; their passions; their characters and talents。 § 25 Aims; principles; &c。; have a place in our thoughts; but not yet in the sphere of reality。 § 26 Nothing great in the World has been acplished without passion。 § 27 A State is powerful; when the private interest of its citizens is one with the mon interest。 § 28 The universal Idea exists as the substantial totality of things; and as the abstract essence of free volition。 § 29 The passions of men are gratified and build up the edifice of human society; for Right and Order。 § 30 The agent"s aims are limited but the agents themselves are intelligent thinking beings。 § 31 History has to do with those momentous collisions between existing; acknowledged duties; laws; and rights。 § 32 The particular aims of great historical men involve those large issues which are the will of the World…Spirit。。 § 33 Such individuals had no consciousness of the Idea they were unfolding; but were practical; political men。 § 34 They are great men; because they acplished the needs of the age。 § 35 A World…historical individual is devoted to the One Aim。 § 36 It is not the Idea that is exposed to danger。 It remains in the background; untouched and uninjured。 This may be called the cunning of reason。 § 37 When speaking of the realisation of great ideals by individuals; the subjective element in them has an infinite right to be consulted。。 § 38 We must not fall into the Litany of Lamentations; that the good and pious often fare ill in the world。 § 39 The means which the World…Spirit uses for realising its Idea involves the activity of personal existences in whom Reason is present; but still obscure and unknown to them。 ___(3) The Embodiment Spirit Assumes — the State § 40 What is the material in which the Ideal of Reason is wrought out? … Personality itself … human desires … Subjectivity generally。 § 41 The Idea is the inner spring of action; the State is the actually; existing; realised moral life。 § 42 The first error is that man is free by nature; but that in society; he must limit this natural freedom。 § 43 Freedom does not exist as original and natural — it must be first sought out and won。 § 44 The patriarchal condition is one of transition; its unity not