Public Property MyTypeProperty（） As MyType Get Return _embedded End Get Set （ByVal value As MyType） _embedded = value End Get End Property End Class The type EmbeddedMyType has a property that references MyType。 If you were to instantiate EmbeddedMyType； you would probably also want to instantiate and assign the property MyType。 You can do that with object initialization； like this： Dim cls As EmbeddedMyType = _ New EmbeddedMyType（） With ｛ _ 。MyTypeProperty = _ New MyType（） With ｛。DataMember = 10｝｝ The Important Stuff to Remember In this chapter； you learned about writing a kernel； using Visual Basic default properties； and the implementing enumeration functionality。 The main items to remember are as follows： o A kernel is a ponent…oriented architecture where you are not in control of certain implementations。 ponents make it possible to modularize a development process so that separate teams have their own tasks。 o Interfaces are contracts between modules； and you test against the interface； not the implementation。 o Placeholder interfaces are used to make it simpler to group object instances。 o Default properties are structural； and thus they serve as a tool to help you acplish a task quicker。 o Default properties make it possible for your type to behave like an array。 o To iterate something that does not support iteration； you add enumeration function ality； which implies implementing the IEnumerable and IEnumerator interfaces。 …………………………………………………………Page 250…………………………………………………………… 228 CH AP T E R 8 ■ L E A R N IN G AB OU T CO M P O N E N TO R IE N T E D AR C HI TE CT U R E Some Things for You to Do The following are some exercises that will help you apply the concepts you learned in this chapter。 1。 The LightingController。AddRoomGrouping（） method has a mistake。 Write some tests to find the error； and then fix the code and rerun your tests to verify that the error has been fixed。 2。 The TestInsert（） test method is one example of an insertion test； but not all variations have been tested。 Write another test method that implements the remaining variation（s） that need to be tested。 3。 The declarations of RoomGrouping and Room are not optimal。 Fix the declarations。 4。 Implement a general collection class based on the experience of using the class in the class LightingController。 Hint： look at how the linked list for Room is declared and figure out a way to abstract that into some general collection class。 5。 When the method LightingController。AddRoom（） is called； the method is tested internally to see if the handle is of type RoomGrouping。 Can you think of a more defensive pro gramming technique to make sure that the code someone else passes to the kernel will not cause the kernel to fail？ Hint： think about the methods to turn on or off the lights and think of what could go wrong。 …………………………………………………………Page 251…………………………………………………………… C H A P T E R 9 ■ ■ ■ Learning About Lists； Delegates； and Lambda Expressions One of the most mon pieces of code that you will write is code that manages many object instances。 In the previous examples； many object instances were managed using an array。 In Chapter 8； you learned that a linked list used in conjunction with a default property could make a plain…vanilla object look like a collection。 This chapter introduces the collection classes； which provide an easy way to manage a set of object instances。 Think of a collection object as an infinite sack where things can be added； iterated through； and retrieved。 The chapter begins with a discussion of how to manage collections。 Then we will look at different ways of iterating the data using a delegate。 Finally； we will look at lambda expressions and closures to illustrate another way of processing data。 The project structure used in this chapter is a single console application。 As we will not be building an overall application； but rather a set of sample code snippets； no tests or libraries are involved。 Managing Collections When you have a collection； what you actually have is an object that happens to point to many other objects。 Visual Basic provides collection classes for managing collections。 Visual Basic 2005 intro duced a different approach to collections； which solved many of the problems that came up in earlier Visual Basic versions。 Here； we’ll look at managing collections both before and after Visual Basic 2005； which will help you to understand how collections are used。 Managing a Collection Before Visual Basic 2005 Before Visual Basic 2005； the main collection classes were stored in the namespace System。 Collections （and； of course； these classes are still available for you to use）。 The following are some of the classes and interfaces in that namespace： 229 …………………………………………………………Page 252…………………………………………………………… 230 CH AP T E R 9 ■ L E A R N IN G AB OU T L I ST S； D E L E G A T E S； A N D L A M B DA E X P R E S SI ON S o ArrayList： A general collection that manages all of the referenced objects using an internal array。 This class ma