…………………………………………………………Page 56…………………………………………………………… 34 CH AP T E R 2 ■ L E A R N IN G AB OU T 。 N E T N U M B E R A N D V A L U E T Y P E S Function declaration implies that the caller expects to get a value back from the method。 The data type of the returned value is specified by the As Integer keywords—this particular func tion will return an Integer value。 （If you want to define a method that does not return a value； use Sub rather than Function。） Methods and parameters must be associated with a type； as Visual Basic is a type…safe programming language。 Type…safe means that when you write code； you know what you are manipulating。 Suppose that you are writing code and are confronted with the numbers 1； 1。0； and 〃1。0〃。 To you； these three numbers are identical。 But in the context of the source code； they are not identical。 The 1 is an integer； the 1。0 is a double； and the 〃1。0〃 is a string。 When you want to add； subtract； or otherwise manipulate pieces of data； they should be the same types； other wise； you might run into consistency errors。 Type…safe programming languages help avoid such problems。 The number types are discussed in more detail in the “Understanding the CLR Numeric Types” section later in this chapter。 The declaration of Add（） says that we need to pass in two integer…based numeric values； and the method returns an integer…based numeric value。 The bination of parameters and a return type is a method signature。 The method signature bees important when another piece of code calls the Add（） method。 The other piece of code must use the same types as the declaration。 Figure 2…7 shows a piece of code that calls the Add（） method； which we’ll do from another application in the next section。 Namespace Class Method Dim total As Integer = Calculator。Operations。Add（1； 2） total is an integer declared 1 and 2 are integer values； variable that stores the result which represent the two of the addition numbers that are added together Figure 2…7。 The Add（） method is called by referencing the namespace and class containing the method。 A period is used to separate the identifiers。 The caller must do two things： o Reference the correct bination of namespace； class； and method identifiers。 o Pass the correct types into the method； as specified by the method signature。 In the example； the addition of 1 and 2 results in 3； and therefore the variable total should contain the value 3 （the equal sign assigns the value returned from the method to the variable on its left）。 I say “should contain the value；” because when writing code； you are not always sure。 Sometimes the code you write will be wrong because you overlooked something or forgot to reference something。 Look at the calling code； and ask yourself if you are guaranteed that calling Add（） with 1 and 2 will result in 3。 The answer is that； as a caller； you cannot be 100％ sure that the total variable will contain 3。 Just because a box has the label “Dishes” does not necessarily mean that dishes …………………………………………………………Page 57…………………………………………………………… CH A PT E R 2 ■ L E A R N I N G A B OU T 。 N E T N U M B E R AN D V A L U E T Y P E S 35 are in the box。 You think you know the contents； but you cannot be 100％ sure until you open the box。 Likewise； in code； you need to look at how the Add（） method is implemented to be sure of the contents of the total variable。 In a production coding session； looking at the implementation code to verify it is doing what you expect is not a feasible solution； because that would take too much time and be pletely unreliable。 The only real solution is to write test code。 Writing Code to Test the Add（） Method Test code is caller code that passes parameters with targeted values and expects a targeted answer。 If the caller does not get the targeted answer； then the implementation of the tested method is wrong。 Figure 2…8 shows sample caller code that tests the Add（） operation （we’ll add this to a project next）。 Targeted caller code that adds 1 and 2 and assigns the result to the variable total Dim total As Integer = Operations。Add（1； 2） If （total 3） Then Console。WriteLine（〃Oops 1 add 2 does not equal 3〃） End If Targeted testing If targeted testing fails； the of the variable text “Oops…” is generated； total； paring it indicating an error to the value 3 Figure 2…8。 Testing the Add（） method The calling code of the test bears an uncanny resemblance to the code you saw in the previous section。 The difference is that the test code uses targeted variables and values； whereas the other code could contain any variables and values。 Another requirement of test code is to verify the answers returned by the method with targeted responses。 The If sta